Strategies for the Design and Fabrication of Improved Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films via the use of In-situ Growth Monitoring and the Exploitation of Photonic Band Gap Materials Martyn E. Pemble1, Justin C Costello1, Ian M Povey1, Dimitra Vernardou2* and David W Sheel2 1Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland Email: mailto:martyn.pemble@tyndall.ie 2Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK * present address, to be added For a photovoltaic device based on an already optimised active photo absorber medium it is arguable that improvements in device efficiency can only be made via the optimisation of the associated components of the device. One such component is the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) that is used to provide electrical conductivity through the device and to permit the passage of light into the absorbing medium. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is a useful method for the production of such TCO layers since it is a relatively fast and cheap process, while varying the parameters employed often allows one to tune film morphology and in some case crystallinity. As such it is apparent that understanding how these CVD processes actually work could provide the means of optimising the growth and properties of the resulting TCO films. In the first part of this presentation results for the use of IR spectroscopic methods for the study of the growth of SnO2 films on glass will be presented. It will be demonstrated that near-IR diode laser spectroscopy is a powerful method for the study of such reactions as illustrated for the precursor system SnCl4 and H2O. In addition, broad band FTIR spectroscopy has been used to study the growth of SnO2 from the alternative precursor combination (CH3)2SnCl2 and O2. Although not strictly relevant to the discussion of TCO materials, additional data will then be presented for the growth of the novel thermochromic material VO2 from both VCl4/H2O and vanadyl acetoacetonate (VO(acac)2), since we have also performed detailed spectroscopic studies of these growth systems using FTIR methods. These data are used to illustrate the methodology whereby individual reacting species may be identified and correlated within an otherwise complex system. Finally, reference will be made to the emerging field of the use of photonic band gap (PBG) materials to produce improved photovoltaic systems. We present data for the growth of doped ZnO inside photonic band gap materials based on synthetic opals, which are synthesised and assembled in our laboratories. We demonstrate that under the correct conditions of PBG fabrication and modification of the photonic stop band by careful choice of infill levels, it is possible to design a material where the passage of photons through the film is significantly enhanced as compared to a non PBG system.
Kosovo oder die Suche der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten nach einer gemeinsamen Haltung Der 7. Dezember 2007 hat das Ende der Verhandlungen um die Zukunft des Kosovo besiegelt: Drei Tage vor dem offiziellen Fristablauf übergab die internationale Troika, bestehend aus den Vertretern der EU, Russlands und der USA, das Abschlussdokument ihrer Vermittlungsbemühungen dem UN-Generalsekretär. Darin wird festges
2007 1.Niijima, K. ・Enta, K.・Hori, H.・Sashihara, S.・Mizoue, T.・Morimoto, Y.: The usefulness of sleep apnea syndrome screening using a portable pulse oximeter in the workplace J Occupat Health 49(1)：1 - 8 2007． 1． 2.Yoshimura, R. ・Shinkai, K.・Ueda, N.・Nakamura, J.: Valproic acid improves psychotic agitation without influencing plasma risperidone levels in schizophrenic p