Powerpoint presentation

Medications Associated with the Onset of Tardive Dyskinesia
Nicte I. Mejia, M.D., Kevin Dat Vuong, M.A., Christine B. Hunter, R.N., and Joseph Jankovic, M.D.
Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas ABSTRACT
RESULTS
Figure 2. Medications associated with the onset of TD in 89 patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Table 2. Medications with the potential to cause TD.
Medication class
Examples
OBJECTIVE: To define the offending drugs associated with the occurrence
Phenothiazines
A total of 116 TD patients currently treated with TBZ were listed in the TBZ • Atypical antipsychotics may be better alternative medications with less of tardive syndromes (TS). BACKGROUND: Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a
database. We report data on 89 (76.7%) of them, for whom we have risk of causing TD and should be considered whenever possible. In long- hyperkinetic movement disorder causally related to exposure to dopamine complete clinical information. Patients, 74 female (83.1%), aged 62.3 ± 13.9 term studies, the incidence of TD due to first-generation antipsychotics receptor blocking drugs (DRBD), is a well-recognized iatrogenic condition. years at their initial evaluation, and had a mean age of TD onset at 58.6 ± was reported to be 5% per year in adults and 25-30% in elderly patients, Although the published reports on TD mainly focus on patients who have 14.1 years. The most frequent phenomenology that patients exhibited, alone while the incidence of TD due to second-generation antipsychotics was 0% been exposed to DRBD used as anti-psychotics, these medications are also or in combination with other TS, were stereotypies (N= 69, 77.5%), dystonia in children and 6.8% in the mixed adult and elderly population [Correll, used to treat a wide array of medical, chiefly gastrointestinal, conditions. (N= 38, 42.6%), and akathisia (N= 11, 12.3%) [Figure 1]. A specific causal METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on subjects
DRBD was defined for 81 (91.0%) patients. The most common medications evaluated for TD in the Movement Disorders Clinic at Baylor College of associated with the onset of TD were metoclopramide (N= 23, 25.8%), • TD may have not only medical, but also legal implications. Although Medicine who were enrolled in our trial of tetrabenazine (TBZ). Demographic haloperidol (N= 9, 10.1%), the combination of amitriptyline and perphenazine avoiding DRBD is the best approach to minimizing this risk, physicians and clinical data were ascertained. RESULTS: A total of 116 patients with
Thioxanthenes
(N= 9, 10.1%), and risperidone (N= 7, 7.9%) [Figure 2].
must be able to recognize the early symptoms and signs of TD in patients TD currently treated with TBZ; we report data on 89 (76.7%) for whom we exposed to DRBD and provide appropriate management. When a patient have complete clinical information. The patients, 74 female (83.1%), aged develops TD, withdrawal of the offending drug should be the first 62.3 ±13.9 years at their initial evaluation, had a mean age of TD onset at management strategy. If this strategy fails, various pharmacological 58.6 ± 14.1 years. A causal DRBD was well defined in 81 (91.0%) patients. Butyrophenones
treatments may be considered, including TBZ, a monoamine-depleting The most common drugs associated with the onset of TD were drug by inhibiting the central vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 metoclopramide (N= 23, 25.8%), haloperidol (N= 9, 10.1%), and the Table 3. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 89 TD patients.
Diphenylbutylpiperidine
[Jankovic and Beach, 1997; Vuong et al, 2004]. Dibenzazepine
CONCLUSION: TD, a feared and common side effect of DRBD treatment,
Characteristics
• More research is needed to develop new medications that, without may be caused by multiple treatment agents other than anti-psychotic Dibenzodiazepine
dopamine receptor antagonism, are able to treat conditions in which DRBD Thienobenzodiazepine
Pyrimidinone
Benzisothiazole
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Benzisoxazole
Substituted benzamides
Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a hyperkinetic movement disorder temporarily and DRBD indication
Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second generation • Although most drugs with the potential to cause TD belong to the antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:414-425.
causally related to exposure to dopamine receptor blocking drugs (DRBD), antipsychotic family of drugs (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, Fernandez HH, Friedman JH. Classification and treatment of tardive syndromes. The Neurologist 2003; also referred to as neuroleptics, is a well-recognized iatrogenic condition butyrophenones, etc), other medications for non-psychiatric-related Ganzini L, Casey DE, Hoffman WF, McCall AL. The prevalence of metoclopramide-induced tardive particularly in adults [Stacy and Jankovic, 1991; Rodnitzky, 2005] as well as problems, such as metoclopramide (substituted benzamide), are also DRBD dyskinesia and acute extrapyramidal movement disorders. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1469-1475.
in children, including infants [Mejia and Jankovic, 2005a]. Although the and have the ability to cause TD. Jankovic J, Beach J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. literature on TD mainly focuses on patients who have been exposed to Jankovic J. Tardive syndromes and other drug-induced movement disorders. Clinical DRBD used as anti-psychotics, these medications are also used to treat a • Metoclopramide seems to be one of the most common causes of TD in Mejia NI and Jankovic J. Tardive dyskinesia and withdrawal emergent syndrome in children. 2005b wide array of medical, chiefly gastrointestinal, conditions [Tonini, 2004; Indolones
adults. A previous review of 131 patients with drug-induced movement Paulson, 2005] [Table 1]. Most of the drugs that cause TD are DRBD that Mejia NI, Jankovic J. Metoclopramide-induced tardive dyskinesia in an infant. Mov Disord 2005; 20:86- Quinolinone
disorders at our institution found this DRBD to be the TD causative agent for block dopamine D2 receptors, but other classes of drugs have the potential Tricyclic
12% (N= 16) of patients; all of whom had been exposed to metoclopramide Miller LG, Jankovic J. Metoclopramide-induced movement disorders. Arch Int Med 1989;149:2386- to cause TD [Table 2]. The reported frequency of TD in patients treated with doses between 20 and 40 mg/day [Miller and Jankovic, 1989]. Another study Calcium channel blockers
Paulson GW. Historical comments on tardive dyskinesia: a neurologist’s perspective. J Clin Psychiatry DRBD has varied greatly, with an average at around 25% of exposed adults, Figure 1. TS presented in 89 patients*.
of metoclopramide-treated adult patients reported that 29% (n=15) met and half that frequency in children [Stacy and Jankovic, 1991; Mejia and criteria for TD, compared with 17.6% (n= 9) of metoclopramide non-users (P Putnam PE, Orenstein SR, Wessel HB, Stowe RM. Tardive dyskinesia associated with use of metoclopramide in a child. J Pediatr 1992;121:983-985. Jankovic, 2005b]. Risk factors associated with the development of TD N-acetyl-4-
Rodnitzky RL. Drug-induced movement disorders in children and adolescents. Expert Opin Drug Saf. include advanced age, female gender, and total cumulative drug exposure methoxytryptamine
Stacy M, Jankovic J. Tardive dyskinesia. Current Opinion in Neurology and Neurosurgery 1991;4:343- [Woerner et al, 1998; van Os et al, 1997; Fernandez et al, 2003; Wonodi et •Although we believe that metoclopramide is also an important cause of TD in children, it seems to be under-recognized; only two children with Tonini M, Cipollina L, Poluzzi E, Crema F, Corazza GR, De Ponti F. Review article: clinical implications of enteric and central D2 receptor blockade by antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics. Aliment metoclopramide-induced TD are reported in the literature [Putnam et al, van Os J, Fahy T, Jones P, et al. Tardive dyskinesia: who is at risk? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997; Table 1. Conditions and procedures that may require DRBD therapy.
METHODS
1992; Mejia and Jankovic, 2005a]. More prospective or retrospective cohort studies are needed to determine the true prevalence of metoclopramide Vuong K, Hunter CB, Mejia N, Jankovic J. Safety and efficacy of tetrabenazine in childhood hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov Disord 2004;19(Suppl 9):S422.
Gastrointestinal
Nausea, vomiting, GERD, diabetic gastroparesis; A retrospective chart review was performed on subjects evaluated for Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Saltz BL, Lieberman JA, Kane JM. Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly: rates and risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1521-1528.
TD in the Movement Disorders Clinic at Baylor College of Medicine Wonodi I, Helene MA, Cassady SL, Sherr JD, Avila MT, Thaker GK. Ethnicity and the course of tardive who were enrolled in the compassionate protocol of TBZ under a dyskinesia in outpatients presenting to the motor disorders clinic at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004; 24: 592-598.
Psychiatric
Anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug (IND) awarded to one of the authors (JJ) in 1979. We included patients who: 1) exhibited a hyperkinetic movement disorder, 2) had a documented Neurological
Tourette syndrome, migraines, epilepsy.
exposure to one or more DRBD for at least 3 months before the onset Menopausal symptoms, labyrinthine disorders, of symptoms (shorter exposure time to DRBD was accepted if this peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders, was clearly related to the development of TD), and 3) the hyperkinetic dermatological problems; anesthesia.
movement disorder persisted for at least one month after stopping the * > 1 TS was presented by 26 (29.2%) patients.
offending DRBD [Jankovic, 1995]. Demographic and clinical data were ascertained. We attempted to not only identify the causal DRBD in all TD cases, but also searched for information about dose, treatment duration, and drug free intervals, but this data was often lacking or not available.

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